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MACHINE LEARNING IT’S ALGORITHMS, MODELS AND APPLICATIONS IN FINANCE AND BIOMEDICAL FIELDS AND CHALLENGES
註釋A classic example of a complicated system and one of the most fiercely argued and discussed topics is the monetary and economic system. It is made up of a very diverse group of participants, such as banks, mutual funds, hedge funds, insurance firms, pension funds, and shadow banks. Every one of them not only communicates directly with one another but also with the actual economy, which is in and of itself an extremely complicated system. The worldwide financial crisis that started in 2008 is the perfect illustration of a developing phenomena, which is one of the defining characteristics of a complex system. A confluence of events served as the catalyst for the catastrophe. Although there is no complete consensus on the causes of the crisis, there is a widespread belief that the crisis can be summarized as follows: Mortgage-backed securities were a financial market innovation that brought greater convenience to lenders. This led to an increase in the number of loans extended to households and the purchase of large amounts of overdraft securities. Mortgage-backed securities were one of the factors that contributed to the 2008 financial crisis. Credit liberalization helped develop a housing bubble, and when it burst, multiple global large corporations held substantial mortgage-backed securities in the portfolios of most financial institutions. caused great losses. The loosening of lending standards was another factor that led to the expansion of the housing market. As a result, credit was suspended, which prevented the core activities of the real economy from obtaining funding. As a result, there was a global recession that caused an estimated fifty trillion dollars in losses in the global economy. This is equivalent to half of one year's world GDP.