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Skilled Immigration, Higher Education, & Labor Markets

出版	University of California, Davis, 2015
ISBN	13390662549781339066257
URL	http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=1DrjswEACAAJ&hl=&source=gbs_api

註釋This thesis explores the intersection of high skill immigration, higher education, and labor markets. The first chapter examines the determinants of international enrollment in US colleges and universities, focusing specifically on the role of labor market access. The second chapter assesses whether international students crowd natives into or out of graduate school. The third chapter examines the impact of foreign STEM workers on native wages and employment across US cities. International students have long comprised an important part of US higher education. However, little is known regarding the factors that encourage students from across the world to enroll in US colleges and universities each year. Chapter 1 examines the relationship between international enrollment and the openness of the US' skilled labor market, currently regulated by the H-1B program. Gravity regressions reveal that H-1B visa issuances to a country are positively and significantly related to the number of international students from that country. Causal estimates of the impact of labor market openness are achieved by exploiting a dramatic fall in the H-1B visa cap in October 2003. Triple difference estimates show that the fall in the cap lowered foreign enrollment by 10%. Chapter 2 examines whether international students affect native enrollment in graduate programs. I study a unique boom and bust cycle in international graduate enrollment at US Research universities from 1995-2005. To mitigate endogeneity bias I develop supply-driven instruments by interacting historical university-level graduate enrollment by country of origin with college age (18-30) population growth in the respective sending countries, for the boom, and 9/11 policy induced declines in student visa issuance to each country group, for the bust. Results reveal that foreign students crowd in natives--1 additional (fewer) foreign student leads to 1 additional (fewer) native. Effects appear stronger for natives in STEM than certain non-STEM fields (i.e. Education, Law, and Business). Peer effects that spur native demand, and complementarities with faculty that relax supply constraints appear to explain the crowd in effects. STEM workers are fundamental inputs for innovation, the main driver of productivity growth. In chapter 3, co-authored with Giovanni Peri and Chad Sparber, we identify the long-run effect of STEM employment growth on outcomes for native workers across 219 US cities from 1990 to 2010. We use the 1980 distribution of foreign-born STEM workers and variation in the H-1B visa program to identify supply-driven STEM increases across cities. Increases in STEM workers are associated with significant wage gains for college educated natives, with smaller but still significant gains for non-college educated. The results imply that foreign STEM increased total factor productivity growth in US cities.