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Development of Offshore Seaweed Farming: Ecology & Cultivation

M. S. BernardH. JansenA. van der WerfI. van der MeerLinda Tonk

其他書名	Synthesis Report 2019
出版	Wageningen Marine Research, 2020
URL	http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=4xq0zQEACAAJ&hl=&source=gbs_api

註釋The upscaling of offshore wind farms in the North Sea creates opportunities for seaweed aquaculture that has the potential to meet part of future resource needs, provided that it is done sustainably. Here a follow-up study of the MIP project in 2018 "Development of Offshore Seaweed Cultivation: food safety, cultivation, ecology and economy" with a focus on ecology and cultivation is presented. In order to ensure a sustainable development of seaweed farming in Dutch offshore and coastal regions in the future, it is essential to collect empirical data on the interaction of seaweed cultivation with marine ecosystems for realistic impact assessments. In subproject 1 "Ecology - Fauna associated with seaweed aquaculture in the North Sea Farm" ecosystem services and impacts of seaweed farming in the North Sea were investigated on the basis of biodiversity, a key parameter for the functioning of ecosystems. Therefore in 2019 the associated fauna on growing seaweed biomass (Saccharina latissima) and cultivation ropes was assessed at the North Sea Farm. A high number of individuals was detected on the seaweeds and cultivation ropes in general (up to 7679 individuals per rope), but species richness was low. Abundance in fauna increased from May to June and all detected species are also known from other hard substrates in the North Sea. Compared to previous assessments of biodiversity with eDNA metabarcoding at the same site, the biodiversity detected in 2019 was very low. However, biodiversity levels may differ from year to year. Moreover, the samples were not taken at the same time points and are therefore not directly comparable and the methodology only included organisms that could be collected by hand (visible to the eye) with a focus on fauna attached to the rope and kelp. It is advised to combine classical morphological biodiversity assessment and eDNA metabarcoding in future assessments to compare results in order to determine the best-suited methodology for biodiversity assessments. Biodiversity in the seaweed farm should be assessed repeatedly every 5 years to check for temporal alterations in fauna composition, especially when cultivation structures, such as anchors, are deployed throughout several years. In subproject 2 "Cultivation" seasonal variation in biomass productivity and chemical composition of kelp was evaluated in order to determine the optimal time point for harvesting in relation to the desired end product. Biomass production at the test-farm was very low in 2019, compared to previous years and a seaweed farm test location near Helgoland in the North Sea. Below 4m environmental conditions for growth were unfavourable (mainly light limitation) for Saccharina latissima. Both in 2018 and 2019 large differences in standing crops over time and depth were observed. Contrary, true protein levels varied only slightly over time. If protein is the target product, final biomass yield of S. latissima will determine the profitability of the mariculture. A combination of economic analyses and growth experiments may assist in determining the optimal cultivation technique. The 2018 experiments performed at the North Sea Farm showed large seasonal variability in the chemical composition of seaweed tissue, and high amounts of nitrogen-containing compounds besides proteins variations. Therefore in 2019, nitrogen, starch and nitrate content in the seaweed tissue were analysed. Nitrate content in S. latissima varied throughout the season and could not fully explain the difference between N measured by Dumas and true protein content in the 2019 samples. Therefore, other seaweed components containing nitrogen must explain this variation, e.g. its accumulation in cellular nitrate pools. As a final note, in order to improve the understanding of environmental conditions in the farm it is recommended that nitrate and phosphate concentrations, two essential macronutrients for growth in seaweeds, should be assessed in the water column at different depths and time points