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The Effects of Flaxseed and Its Components on Reproductive Indices and Cancer Risk in Rats

出版	University of Toronto, 1999
URL	http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=5eVPzwEACAAJ&hl=&source=gbs_api

註釋Flaxseed is a rich source Ã-linolenic add (ALA) and secoisolariciresinol diglycoside (SDG). The objective of this study was to determine whether feeding various doses of flaxseed or its SDG or ALA components to rats during different developmental stages influences reproduction and cancer risk. Pregnant rats were fed basal diet (BD), BD supplemented with either 10% flaxseed, 5% flaxseed or its equivalent amount of flaxseed oil (1.82%) or SDG (1.5 mg/d). At weaning, the offspring were fed diets resulting in no dietary flaxseed treatment, dietary flaxseed fed only during gestation and lactation, after weaning or from gestation until adulthood. Flaxseed had no effect on the dam's pregnancy or lactation but altered offspring reproductive indices. Gestation and lactation or gestation until postnatal day (PND) 132 feeding altered reproductive indices whereas feeding after weaning had no effect. Reproductive changes differed depending on dose. The 10% flaxseed estrogenized the female offspring as indicated by lower birth weight, shortened anogenital distance, greater immature uterine weight, earlier age and lighter body weight at puberty, and, at a later age, greater ovarian weight, lengthened estrous cycles and persistent estrus. The male offspring had lower birth weight, reduced postnatal weight gain and, at PND 132, greater relative accessory sex gland and prostate weights suggesting estrogenic effects. In contrast, 5% flaxseed reduced immature ovarian weight, delayed puberty and lengthened diestrus indicating an antiestrogenic effect. The SDG produced similar effects to those of the 5% flaxseed suggesting that lignans were responsible for the observed effects. Lignans were transferred to the offspring via rat milk as indicated by the recovery of radioactivity in the offspring of lactating dams given 3H-SDG. In the mammary gland, both flaxseed doses reduced the terminal end bud structures suggesting cancer protective effects. In the prostate, flaxseed and SDG produced effects that may be cancer protective at moderate dose (5%), but not at the high dose (10%). In conclusion, feeding 10% flaxseed produced permanent reproductive changes and potentially increased prostate disease risk. On the other hand, the lower 5% flaxseed dose resulted in few reproductive effects and produced potential protective effects against mammary and prostate cancer risk.