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Analytical Chemistry in Archaeology
A. M. Pollard
出版Cambridge University Press, 2007-01-18
主題Science / Chaotic Behavior in SystemsScience / Chemistry / AnalyticScience / Research & MethodologySocial Science / Archaeology
ISBN05216557229780521655729
URLhttp://books.google.com.hk/books?id=5oH4_KQ-Y24C&hl=&source=gbs_api
EBookSAMPLE
註釋List of figures p. ix List of tables p. xii Preface p. xiii Part I The Role of Analytical Chemistry in Archaeology p. 1 1 Archaeology and Analytical Chemistry p. 3 1.1 The history of analytical chemistry in archaeology p. 5 1.2 Basic archaeological questions p. 10 1.3 Questions of process p. 25 2 An Introduction to Analytical Chemistry p. 31 2.1 What is chemistry? p. 31 2.2 Analytical chemistry p. 38 2.3 Special considerations in the analysis of archaeological material p. 42 Part II The Application of Analytical Chemistry to Archaeology p. 45 3 Elemental Analysis By Absorption and Emission Spectroscopies in the Visible and Ultraviolet p. 47 3.1 Optical emission spectroscopy (OES) p. 47 3.2 Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) p. 48 3.3 Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) p. 57 3.4 Comparison of analysis by absorption/emission spectrometries p. 60 3.5 Greek pots and European bronzes - archaeological applications of emission/absorption spectrometries p. 62 4 Molecular Analysis by Absorption and Raman Spectroscopy p. 70 4.1 Optical and UV spectrophotometry p. 70 4.2 Infrared absorption spectroscopy p. 77 4.3 Raman spectroscopy p. 83 4.4 Soils, bone, and the "Baltic shoulder"--Archaeological applications of vibrational spectroscopy p. 85 5 X-ray Techniques and Electron Beam Microanalysis p. 93 5.1 Introduction to X-rays p. 93 5.2 X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry p. 101 5.3 Electron microscopy as an analytical tool p. 109 5.4 X-ray diffraction p. 113 5.5 Other X-ray related techniques p. 116 5.6 A cornucopia of delights - archaeological applications of X-ray analysis p. 118 6 Neutron Activation Analysis p. 123 6.1 Introduction to nuclear structure and the principles of neutron activation analysis p. 123 6.2 Neutron activation analysis in practice p. 128 6.3 Practical alchemy - archaeological applications of NAA p. 130 7 Chromatography p. 137 7.1 Principles of chromatography p. 137 7.2 Classical liquid column chromatography p. 139 7.3 Thin layer chromatography (TLC) p. 139 7.4 Gas chromatography (GC) p. 142 7.5 High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) p. 146 7.6 Sticky messengers from the past - archaeological applications of chromatography p. 147 8 Mass Spectrometry p. 160 8.1 Separation of ions by electric and magnetic fields p. 160 8.2 Light stable isotopes (¿D, ¿13C, ¿15N, ¿18O, and ¿34S) p. 169 8.3 Heavy isotopes (Pb, Sr) - thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) p. 173 8.4 Combined techniques - GC-MS p. 174 8.5 Isotope archaeology - applications of MS in archaeology p. 176 9 Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) p. 195 9.1 Types of ICP analysis p. 195 9.2 Comparison with other techniques p. 200 9.3 Instrument performance p. 202 9.4 Splitting hairs - archaeological applications of ICP-MS p. 208 Part III Some Basic Chemistry for Archaeologists p. 215 10 Atoms, Isotopes, Electron Orbitals, and the Periodic Table p. 217 10.1 The discovery of subatomic particles p. 217 10.2 The Bohr-Rutherford model of the atom p. 227 10.3 Stable and radioactive isotopes p. 230 10.4 The quantum atom p. 238 10.5 The periodic table p. 243 11 Valency, Bonding, and Molecules p. 249 11.1 Atoms and molecules p. 249 11.2 Bonds between atoms p. 253 11.3 Intermolecular bonds p. 258 11.4 Lewis structures and the shapes of molecules p. 260 11.5 Introduction to organic compounds p. 263 11.6 Isomers p. 269 12 The Electromagnetic Spectrum p. 275 12.1 Electromagnetic waves p. 275 12.2 Particle-wave duality p. 279 12.3 Emission lines and the Rydberg equation p. 281 12.4 Absorption of EM radiation by matter - Beer's law p. 286 12.5 The EM spectrum and spectrochemical analysis p. 288 12.6 Synchrotron radiation p. 290 13 Practical Issues in Analytical Chemistry p. 294 13.1 Some basic procedures in analytical chemistry p. 294 13.2 Sample preparation for trace element and residue analysis p. 302 13.3 Standards for calibration p. 306 13.4 Calibration procedures and estimation of errors p. 309 13.5 Quality assurance procedures p. 319 Epilogue p. 322 Appendices p. 326 I Scientific notation p. 326 II Significant figures p. 327 III Seven basic SI units p. 328 IV Physical constants p. 329 V Greek notation p. 330 VI Chemical symbols and isotopes of the elements p. 331 VII Electronic configuration of the elements (to radon, Z=86) p. 335 VIII Some common inorganic and organic sample preparation methods used in archaeology p. 337 IX General safe practice in the laboratory p. 340 X COSHH assessments p. 342 References p. 350 Index.