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Tree-related Microhabitats as Selection Criteria for Habitat Trees in Close-to-nature Forest Management in the Black Forest

出版	Universität, 2020
URL	http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=5qWkzQEACAAJ&hl=&source=gbs_api

註釋Abstract: Forest management needs to provide solutions for the safeguarding of biodiversity in forested landscapes. For this purpose, forest managers and scientists should develop "best practices" that are evidence-based and which improve the multiple-use of forests.
The development of integrative conservation concepts is a relatively recent one (Kraus and Krumm, 2013), at least for forest areas that are managed under close-to-nature forestry (Bauhus et al., 2013). In other forest ecosystems which are managed under different silvicultural approaches, as boreal clear-cut systems, the idea of integrative conservation has been implemented for almost three decades under the term of retention forestry (Gustafsson et al., 2012).
The goal of this thesis was to provide evidence for the development of "best practices" for the implementation of integrative conservation in the Black Forest. The thesis focused on the selection criteria for living, large habitat trees based on tree-related microhabitats (TreMs) (Larrieu et al., 2018). The results of this thesis provide insights into the use of TreMs as selection criteria for retention elements. Forest type, mean tree dimension and altitude influenced abundance and diversity of TreMs at the plot-level. This allows an adaptation of forest management strategies to maintain or increase the provisioning of TreMs by altering forest composition and structure. For instance, an increase in broadleaved species might deliver an increased level of TreMs compared to the currently prevailing coniferous forest types in the Black Forest. Moreover, the retention of large, old individual trees presents a disproportionally large contribution to the provisioning of TreMs.
In addition, at the tree-level, similar attributes are important driving factors for TreM abundance and richness as at the plot-level: DBH, coniferous or broadleaf species identity as well as altitude, slope or aspect. However, the most important result is that clumped retention of habitat trees does not increase abundance and richness of TreMs at the tree-level. Therefore, the selection of habitat trees should focus on individuals which currently provide the highest level of TreMs instead of clumped retention of trees which do not provide high richness or abundance of TreMs.
Weak links between remote sensing information on forest structure provided by terrestrial laser scanners (TLS) and un-manned aerial vehicles (UAV) and TreMs were found. Nevertheless, remote-sensing techniques could be used to improve the selection of habitat trees.
A full evaluation of the use of TreMs as baseline for the retention of structural elements is only possible with a more thorough analysis of the mentioned factors. Moreover, as TreMs are a recent topic in research and management, the establishment of repeated TreM inventories to derive information from the maintenance or possible increases in forest biodiversity related to the retained structures is required.
In general, TreMs cannot be regarded as the "silver bullet" for biodiversity indicators and the selection criteria of habitat trees in integrative conservation concepts. Nevertheless, it has become clear that, despite relatively weak links between TreMs and the associated forest species (Paillet et al., 2018), the use of TreMs as selection criteria is so far lacking alternatives for an objective selection of habitat trees in integrative conservation, and therefore more research needs to be directed to this topic