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Trade, Exchange Rate, and Agricultural Pricing Policies in Brazil: The country study

Antonio Salazar Pessôa BrandãoJosé L. Carvalho

出版	World Bank, 1991
主題	Business & Economics / Industries / AgribusinessPolitical Science / Public Policy / Agriculture & Food PolicyTechnology & Engineering / Agriculture / General
ISBN	08213194779780821319475
URL	http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=8wONAAAAIAAJ&hl=&source=gbs_api

註釋

This study covers the latter part of the 1960s, the entire 1970s, and the first years of the 1980s. During this period, agricultural policy has undergone major changes, from a period in which subsidized credit to agriculture was the most important policy instrument to one in which guaranteed prices assumed a predominant role. In addition, as Brazil's economy became more and more unstable, so did agricultural policy. A large number of direct and indirect government interventions helped distort prices in the agricultural sector. To evaluate the net effect of this array of policies, various measures of protection were calculated. In general, the agricultural sector was taxed when compared to the nonagricultural sector. Two export crops, soybeans and cotton, were taxed more heavily than import-competing food crops. Indirect causes, mainly exchange rate overvaluation, were the most important determinants of the level of taxation. Substantial losses of production were a consequence of the discriminatory policies of the government. Although the agricultural sector was taxed through price policy, this becomes less clear when all transfers to and from agriculture are accounted for. The most important of these transfers was that associated with a subsidized interest rate for agricultural credit. This compensation is highly regressive with respect to income distribution. A high degree of randomness in the behavior of the government is also seen in the econometric results.