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The Hosken Report
註釋Part 1 explains the various practices of FGM and gives a map of Africa showing the belt of FGM prevalence, statistics, and an historic background of the practice. Part 2 gives case histories for individual countries grouped by region: East Africa and the Middle East; West Africa; the Arab peninsula; Indonesia and Malaysia; and the Western world. The country studies illustrate the diversity of ways patriarchal societies mutilate girls to affirm male control. Part 3 discusses the attitudes toward women that support FGM in Africa. Male-dominated institutions worldwide, including the international health and population control structures and the UN, support these attitudes towards women. The section also discusses positive initiatives in Africa and worldwide to eradicate FGM (e.g., Burkina Faso's campaign against the practice of excision).