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Final Report
出版Publications Office of the European Union, 2019
ISBN92760193089789276019305
URLhttp://books.google.com.hk/books?id=FBlKyQEACAAJ&hl=&source=gbs_api
註釋The liberalisation of the EU air services market since the adoption of the Third Aviation Package in 1992 has contributed to a significant growth of the aviation sector. However, the intensification of competition and the pressure to reduce costs, which have led to the emergence of new business models in particular, have also raised concerns among aircrew (pilots and cabin crew) that these developments may lead to a deterioration of their employment and working conditions, including heavier working time schedules, development of various employment arrangements (such as atypical contracts and bogus self-employment schemes), re-negotiations of existing collective agreements and other practices such as so called pay-to-fly schemes. This has also had implications for the national authorities that are responsible for implementing and enforcing the relevant social legislation and has raised concerns among some air carriers associated with the knock-on impacts on the level playing field in the sector. As part of its social policy, the EU is committed to improving working conditions, promoting equal pay and protecting workers' rights. It is thus necessary to ensure that the working conditions of aircrew and the various employment arrangements which have developed in the aviation sector are in conformity with relevant EU and national rules which aim to protect workers' rights and high social standards. The importance of creating and maintaining quality working conditions and ensuring a level playing field in the air transport sector in the EU has been reiterated in various strategic EU policy documents. Recognising the importance of social issues in aviation and across transport modes, the Commission is closely monitoring the developments in the internal market for aviation to better understand the potential social implications of atypical employment and whether any further measures to ensure fair working conditions and prevent abuses are needed. In this context, the main aims of this fact-finding study were: - To help develop a comprehensive view of the different forms of employment and working conditions of aircrews employed by European Economic Area (EEA)-licensed air carriers - based inside and outside the EEA - clarifying the nature and extent of use of various alternative forms of employment as well as their possible implications on employment and working conditions; and - To help understand whether and how the existing EU and national social rules effectively cover the activities of aircrews, identifying the legal challenges (e.g. possible legal loopholes) in protecting this category of highly mobile workers in the fast-developing aviation market.