This is not one Nordic model, but many. The three Swedish models were those of economic liberalism, 1870–1970, social democracy, with high taxes and extensive redistribution, 1970–1990, and a mixed model after that. The Icelandic model, implemented in 1991–2004, was that of moderate taxes, an open economy, private enterprise and welfare provisions only for the needy. The success of the Nordic countries were despite, but not because of social democracy. It was derived from the rule of law, free trade and social cohesion.