This book is structured systematically starting from theoretical concepts, examples of questions and solutions, as well as applications in real cases. The material is also related to applications in the world of information systems, so it is very useful for information systems students. Through this book, it is hoped that readers can understand the concepts of mathematical theory and can apply them in everyday life.

Apart from that, we also thank all parties who supported the writing of this book, starting from reviewers, fellow lecturers, and students. We are also open to criticism and suggestions for improving the quality of this book in the future. Hopefully this book is useful and easy to understand for every reader. Have a good study.