First and foremost, we express our deepest gratitude to God. Throughout the process of compiling this book, we have come to appreciate the profound impact of the gift of writing, which has empowered us to pursue our dreams and believe in our passions. Without divine trust and guidance, this accomplishment would not have been possible. We extend our sincere thanks to all those involved in this project, especially the authors and reviewers whose contributions were instrumental in bringing this book to fruition. Their support has been invaluable, and we are grateful for their dedication and expertise.

We also thank God for granting us the opportunity to delve into this highly relevant subject matter at this time, and we acknowledge the collective efforts of each author for their invaluable contributions.

Special appreciation goes to all the chapter authors who generously shared their time and expertise. Additionally, we acknowledge the valuable feedback provided by the peer reviewers, whose suggestions greatly enhanced the quality, coherence, and content of the chapters. We are especially grateful to those authors who served as referees, dedicating their time and effort to ensure the integrity of this work.

DR. SYED HAUIDER ABBAS                                            

 DR. KRISHNA PRASAD K