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註釋This handbook deals with insects feeding on spruces, balsam, fir, and hemlock in Canada from the Rockies to the Atlantic. Seventy-five species or species groups causing damage or which are commonly found on these trees are covered. Colour illustrations aid in the identification of insects and trees and flow chart keys help identify the insect and the injury found. Included are biological sketches of causal insects, illustrations of life stages, and the injury caused. Control is discussed along with the required type and timing of applications of pesticides. Injury by birds, mammals, mites, and other agents is also included.