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The Form of the Web Browser and Its Social Effects

出版	Georgetown University, 2011
ISBN	11246472879781124647289
URL	http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=Od5yAQAACAAJ&hl=&source=gbs_api

註釋Drawing from lectures, interviews, email archives, court proceedings, and journalism from the browser wars, I will describe how two technical achievements of the early modern web - Netscape's implementation of HTML's table element and the invention of JavaScript - gave rise to uses of the web as a design medium and a computing platform. Browser programmers' proprietary modifications to HTML perpetuated the metaphor of the page by encouraging documents on the web to be treated as two-dimensional canvases. By adding support for images and grids in HTML, browser programmers allowed graphic design practices to exist on the web and accelerated its adoption for commercial uses. This advance preceded actions by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) on the development of graphic design for the web, created de facto standards for web design, and minimized the authority of the W3C and IETF in shaping the web. The idea of the browser as a computing platform followed Netscape's development of JavaScript, a vivid example of how a market strategy to compete against Microsoft's "natural" monopoly in operating systems motivated the design of what would become the world's most popular programming language and the foundation for interactive applications on the web. While JavaScript is now a standard and an essential part of the web, its formalization as Ecma standard E-262 is a case of a de facto standard being submitted for adoption by a standard-setting body in order to create a competitive advantage.