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Climate Change

其他書名	Issues Underlying Negotiations at the Bali Conference of Parties
出版	2007
URL	http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=PpnujwEACAAJ&hl=&source=gbs_api

註釋As climate change has gained widespread attention as a critical issue facing the nations of the world, the negotiations to be held in Bali, Indonesia, December 3-14, 2007, are widely regarded as a critical next step in continuing to chart an international course to mitigate global warming and deal with its impacts. This report provides background on the negotiations in four sections: (1) a summary of the status of the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the 1997 Kyoto Protocol that established mandatory limits on the six major greenhouse gases for the major developed nations (listed in "Annex I" of the UNFCCC and generally referred to as "Annex I countries"); (2) a brief review of the science and economics underlying concerns about climate change and related possible future goals to reduce greenhouse gases; (3) the progress to date of Annex I and non-Annex I nations under the Kyoto Protocol; and (4) an overview of the upcoming negotiations at the 13th conference of the parties of the UNFCCC (COP-13) and third meeting of the parties to the Kyoto Protocol (MOP-3) in Bali. At a preliminary meeting leading up to the December COP/MOP, four key elements were outlined as the focus for a "Bali road map": 1) mitigation of climate change (agreeing on emission reduction commitments); 2) adaptation to impacts of climate change; 3) financial assistance issues; and 4) technology development and transfer. It is very likely that, while future negotiations will grapple with the effort to obtain some form of legally binding, mandatory commitments from all parties, the recognition of differing national circumstances and differing abilities of nations to take on various types of commitments will be major elements in the discussions. It is widely expected that the outcome in Bali is likely to be decisions that focus only on the framework, procedures, and time frame for negotiations to follow on a post-2012 agreement. Substantive issues will be taken up in those future negotiations. All parties appear to agree that an agreement needs be completed by the end of 2009 in order to be ratified by the necessary number of parties by 2012, when the Kyoto Protocol commitment period ends