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Hamburger Judenpolitik im Zeitalter lutherischer Orthodoxie 1590-1710

出版	Christians, 2001
主題	History / Europe / Austria & Hungary
ISBN	37672135599783767213555
URL	http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=QrZtAAAAMAAJ&hl=&source=gbs_api

註釋The rights of Jews in Hamburg fluctuated in accordance with the power relationships between the city council, the citizenry, and the clergy. The council, which represented the upper class of merchants, wished to attract wealthy former Conversos because of their commercial connections and expertise. The clergy wanted a city united in Lutheran orthodoxy, and opposed the presence of the enemies of Christianity, the Jews. The citizenry's endemic antisemitism was fueled by the preachers; besides, the middle classes feared Jewish economic competition. The council negotiated with the clergy and with the Jews, who threatened to leave the city (whose prosperity depended largely on them). Successive contracts permitted Jews to meet for prayer privately and imposed other religious restrictions; the council enforced these flexibly, if at all. In 1697 the citizenry gained the upper hand and passed new restrictive regulations that caused many Sephardim to leave; but they also legalized the residency of the Ashkenazi Jews, who had lived in the city illegally through most of the century. In 1710, under the aegis of the Emperor, most of the new restrictions were canceled and the council's policy was restored.