註釋 Deals with the portrayal of the Jews' suffering in the Polish wars of the mid-17th century, particularly the Chmielnicki uprising of 1648, in the writings of the three national protagonists: Poles, Ukrainians, and Jews. Surveys the historical sources of the period, demonstrating how an initial willingness of Poles and Ukrainians to describe the Jews' fate turned into disregard in the next generation. Discusses the treatment of the Jews' suffering in the three national historiographies during the 19th and 20th centuries, showing how the downplaying of Jewish suffering in non-Jewish writings was transformed into the accusation of the Jews' own responsibility for the events. Concludes with the post-Holocaust attempts to deny that the tragedy ever occurred, found particularly in Ukrainian histories. Includes an extensive bibliography of sources and studies on the mid-17th century Polish wars and the fate of the Jews. 