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The Moral Component of Cross-domain Conflict

Lucia RetterAlex HallJames BlackNathan Ryan

出版	RAND Corporation, 2016
URL	http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=ULItnQAACAAJ&hl=&source=gbs_api

註釋This study was commissioned to examine the academic debate pertaining to the moral landscape of cross-domain conflict (i.e. a conflict that spans two or more military domains (land, maritime, air, cyber, space)). The study: considers the body of work on morality and armed conflict in the future operating environment; provides insights on the ways in which new ways of fighting may challenge traditional moral principles; and identifies areas that may be underexplored in the body of work on morality or may merit further analysis. The study considered two emerging technologies (cyber and autonomous systems) to derive practical insights on the ways in which new technologies could challenge traditional thinking about morality. The work involved a systematic review of relevant literature, a programme of interviews and a one-day workshop with academic experts. The study finds that: the majority view among consulted experts was that existing moral frameworks and principles continue to apply; there is a considerable disparity in the legal interpretations applied to the term 'armed attack' and in deliberations regarding what constitutes 'harm' (including both physical and non-physical effects). Theorists generally agree that there is no particular moral barrier to responding to a non-kinetic attack -- once confirmed as constituting an 'armed attack' -- with kinetic force if this is considered the most appropriate course of action under the specific circumstances. Revisionist approaches to just war theory challenge the legal distinction between combatants and non-combatants since it does not account for the moral intentions of individuals party to a conflict. Under this line of thinking, non-combatants may render themselves liable to harm if their actions infer their support for an 'unjust war'. Both cyber and autonomous systems were considered to present challenges to a number of the principles underpinning traditional moral and legal frameworks.