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註釋The stochastic approach considers the index number problem as a signal extraction problem. The strength and reliability of the signal extracted from price and quality changes for different commodities depends upon the messages received and the information content of the messages. The most important applications of the new approach are to be found in the context of measuring rate of inflation; fixed and chain base index numbers for temporal comparisons and for spatial intercountry comparisons: the latter generally require special index number formulae that result in transitive and base invariant comparisons.