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Where the Party Rules
註釋"Political parties are pivotal institutions, in democratic and authoritarian contexts alike. Almost all seventy-one non-democracies, in 2015 governing 44% of the world population, have parties. In most of these countries at least one party is tightly controlled by the ruling clique, such as United Russia, the United Malays National Organization, and Turkey's Justice and Development Party. In contrast to other autocratic arrangements, such as military dictatorship and personalistic rule, party-based authoritarianism has proven itself effective in governing modernizing societies and mitigating democratization pressures. But how do parties contribute to effective authoritarian rule? And what are the origins of effective regime parties? The first question calls for a study of contemporary autocratic governance. The second question takes us back to history. The literature provides answers to both questions, but incomplete ones. The case of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), which is the focus of this book, promises to change the way we think about the functions and origins of e ective authoritarian regime parties.This book demonstrates that an authoritarian regime party can provide the organizational infrastructure, which allows a state to project authority throughout its realm. By implication, the book explains why authoritarian regimes usually are more e ective in some parts of their territories than in others: The uneven presence of rank and file party members makes an important di erence for policy implementation on the ground"--