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註釋Because both classical and medieval recantatory traditions inform the Petrarchans' usages of the genre, special focus is placed upon the originary Greek recantation, Stesichorus of Himera's palinode to his Helen, and its recovery in the Renaissance (within the context of Plato's "youthful" poetic work, the Phaedrus). Stesichorus's palinode is particularly revealing when viewed in relation to Renaissance Petrarchism because of its association of the discursive and formal dualities inherent in the genre with its female addressee, Helen. Helen's resurrections in the Petrarchan ladies (and writers) of the later period provide rich variations on Stesichorus's ventriloquistic recantation and its treatment of gender relationships. Like the palinode itself, its emblematic figure, Helen, mediates between the poet's self-expression, the literary tradition in which he or she works, and voices of culture in the world beyond.