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註釋Recent U.S. strategy documents, such as the 2022 National Defense Strategy, clearly state that close cooperation with allies is central to U.S. policy, especially in space. However, allies have grown increasingly vocal about a "say-do gap" between U.S. high-level policy statements versus tangible U.S. cooperation on defense-related space activities. Some allies perceive cooperation as an afterthought rather than as a consciously planned activity undertaken "by design." In this study, sponsored by the U.S. Space Force's Space Operations Command, the authors investigate how U.S. policy can more effectively achieve improved integration of allied space capabilities for select allies. In this report, the authors assess the goals, organization, and activities of the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) space enterprise. They also evaluate six allied nations--Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, and the United Kingdom--to determine their interest in, potential for, and perspectives on cooperation with the United States on defense-related space activities. Their findings from reviews of policy documents, articles, reports, and public statements by senior leaders, as well as over 144 interviews with more than 150 DoD and allied officials and staff, provide insights on cooperation with allies on nuclear weapons, combined operations, and intelligence that reveal opportunities for a more effective approach to allied space power.