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註釋At all levels of health measurements can be made of the frequency and severity of each condition. These indicators must be applicable to practical decisions on the allocation of resources, planning and monitoring of health and health-related services, to innovation in such services, and to the evaluation of ongoing services and pro- grammes. Since health can be measured only indirectly, measurements of levels of health will indicate the occurrence of specific di- seases, syndromes, and conditions. This book does not give technical details about measuring specific determinants of disease, but does include discussion of social and demographic structures as they re- late to levels of health. Factors such as the utilization and avail- ability of health services in various population groups are used as proxy measures to help estimate the level of need for certain ser- vices and to define population groups at risk from disease. Medical knowledge is only one of several skills involved in planning, de- cision making and evaluation. An attempt is made here to synthesize the combined contribution of the various professions in their endeavour to develop and analyse comprehensive and effective health systems.