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註釋This study provides a comprehensive discussion of the various types of shocks that can affect the economy and considers the role of government in addressing the problems that arise from them. The study first develops a taxonomy of shocks according to their source, then outlines a variety of normative rationales that may justify some form of government intervention in response to a shock. It describes the policy tools that are available to governments considering intervention and presents five case studies of shocks and governmental responses: flood control & relief, the oil shocks of 1973 & 1979, intervention in cases of agricultural commodity price volatility, the east coast cod fishery, and trade liberalization & transition costs.