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註釋In 2005, the European Union began a bold experiment in environmental regulation by instituting a cap and trade program for carbon emissions, the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS). Under the plan, the European Union's member states were allocated carbon allowances, which the states in turn distributed to industrial establishments within their jurisdictions. Those industrial concerns that emitted more carbon than their allocations covered would have to either curb their emissions or purchase carbon allowances from those establishments which had more carbon allowances than they needed. This, planners believed, would create an active market for carbon allowances.