SOCRATES is an international, multi-lingual, multi-disciplinary refereed and indexed scholarly journal produced as par of the Harvard Dataverse Network. This journal appears quarterly in English, Hindi, Persian in 22 disciplines.

About this issue:

This issue of Socrates has been divided into five sections.

The first section of this issue is Language & Literature- English. The article in this section focuses on "The perspective of contemporaneity". It concludes that if we delve into the roots of ‘now’ ness we find that that we are defined by a past which is mostly girdled by the colonial shadows which continues to invade every segments of human civilization.

The second section of this issue is Anthropology. The article in this section highlight ancient Macedonian customs and their influence in the modern Republic of Macedonia.This paper concludes that certain ritual actions from the ancient period, although modified, still largely correspond to the current Macedonian folk customs and beliefs, both in terms of the time of celebration and in terms of ritual actions, procedures and symbolism. Their continuity reflects the Macedonian identity, from antiquity to today.

The third section of this issue is Economics,Management and Commerce. The paper in this section develops a model for designing and explaining Cost Management Strategies in the home appliance industry in Iran. It has also implemented organizational resource–based view to limit the research domain and focus on organizational actions; then it has used porter value chain (1985) to analyze the cost structure of the company which supports strategic decision making and inter–organizational verifications.

The fourth section of this issue is Politics, Law and Governance, which contains an article that identifies lack of education as the main reasons for the backwardness of Indian Muslims. It claims that until and unless Muslim educational backwardness is addressed, the empowerment of Indian Muslims would remain elusive. The Muslims in India would remain politically marginalized and economically poor unless they overcome their educational backwardness and  India cannot march on the path of development and claim to be world leader if majority of its minority community remains educationally backward.

The fifth section of this issue is The New Book which reviews the Book "God Einstein and Shankardeva" Authored by Shri. Surendra Nath Bora.