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Carbonate Reservoirs
註釋Three economically important case histories serve as illustrations of the integration of analyses of depositional environments, sequence stratigraphic architecture, and porosity evolution during diagenesis, as a means of maximizing effectiveness of reservoir production and/or modelling: (1) the Paleozoic Madison Formation of central Wyoming, (2) the Upper Jurassic Smackover Formation of the central Gulf of Mexico, and (3) the Tertiary Malampaya buildup, offshore Philippines. The three embody a broad range of geologic contexts (e.g., icehouse versus greenhouse during deposition) and different approaches for optimizing development programs (e.g., use of surface analogs, 3D seismically based reservoir modelling). High drilling costs during development of the deep (23,000ft.) Madden Field in the Wyoming Madison Formation (due to high temperature, pressure, and H2S content of the gas) mandated high efficiency during development. Meticulous evaluation of a surface outcrop analog and maximized collection of analog data were the primary means of assuring optimal reservoir development. The Upper Jurassic Smackover trend in the central Gulf of Mexico illustrates revitalization of a mature petroleum fairway through application of sequence stratigraphic interpretation. Previously overlooked lowstand siliciclastic slope fans become geographically and stratigraphically predictable reservoir targets when understood in their proper sequence stratigraphic framework. The 3D seismic grid over the drowned isolated Oligocene–Miocene Malampaya platform, offshore Philippines, is integrated with geologic and petrophysical data from sparse well control and field-wide depositional and diagenetic models in order to develop a reservoir simulation model of the reservoir.