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出版Environmental Studies Revolving Funds, 1987
ISBN09207836199780920783610
URLhttp://books.google.com.hk/books?id=hggbAQAAIAAJ&hl=&source=gbs_api
註釋3 experimental crude oil spills, of 1 cu m each, were made in pack ice offshore of Cape Breton Island. Ice conditions ranged from 6/10 dynamic open ice to 9+/10 pack ice in a state of moderate compression. Oil spreading was dramatically reduced compared with that on open water - simple ice concentration and oil viscosity correction factors to Fay's spreading equations adequately model the results. Evaporation of oil and subsequent property changes were well predicted using evaporative exposure technique of Stiver and Mackay. No water in oil emulsification was observed, even in extremely dynamic conditions. The rocking action of ice floes in a swell did result in temporary natural dispersion of oil near floe edges. Only minor oiling of floes was observed - significant oil/ice interaction was with brash and slush ice between floes. No pumping of oil between converging ice floes occurred. In situ burning of oil contained by brash in high pack ice concentrations proved to be an effective countermeasure - nothing seemed feasible for the oil in lower concentration, dynamic pack ice conditions.