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Divine Transactions

其他書名	The Transformation of Buddhist Communal Liturgies at Dunhuang (8th--10th Centuries)
出版	Stanford University, 2020
URL	http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=ibemzQEACAAJ&hl=&source=gbs_api

註釋The current dissertation centers on a host of communal liturgies at Dūnhuáng from the eighth through the tenth centuries. In this period, Buddhist ritual flourished by localizing the existing Chinese ritual elements and absorbing ritual techniques from Tibetan sources. The Dūnhuáng corpus discovered around 1900 CE contains a wealth of ritual documents written in Chinese, Tibetan, and occasionally in a combination of the two. These texts provide a rare window into the practice of premodern Chinese Buddhism and Buddhism on the ground. The dissertation can be divided into two parts. The first three chapters discuss how to classify Indian, Chinese, and Tibetan communal liturgies from a structural perspective; the next six chapters study six distinct genres of liturgies by analyzing relevant liturgical scripts in the Dūnhuáng corpus. Chapter 1 focuses on the so-called "lay ritual events" in Indian Mainstream Buddhism, which constitute Mainstream communal liturgies. Based on how they are discussed in the vinayas, these liturgies can be classified into eight distinct categories. Chapter 2 examines a host of communal liturgies termed zhāi in the Tang and at Dūnhuáng. Chapter 3 evaluates the structural issues in Tibetan Buddhist ritual and how it changed over time. Chapters 4 to 8, relying on relevant liturgical texts, explore four different categories of zhāi-liturgies: prayer feasts, sūtra-rotation liturgies, the afterlife-related liturgies, the dedicatory rites, and holiday liturgies. Chapter 9 analyzes the early Tibetan adaptation of the Indic tantric feast and how tantric concepts and ritual technology transformed the communal feast. The Conclusion focuses on seven themes: a comparison between the thanksgiving prayer and the zhāi-script, the dissolution of the zhāi-liturgical system, Sino-Tibetan zhāi-liturgies, the classification of Buddhist rituals, the kammatic and nibbanic dimensions of communal liturgies, the existence of two different kinds of merit, and cultural embeddedness.