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Nazionalità ebraica, cittadinanza sovietica (1917-1948)
註釋After the 1917 revolution, for the first time Russian Jews were granted equal rights as citizens. Soviet legislation condemned racial discrimination and prohibited public manifestations of antisemitism. In the second half of the 1920s, a new social antisemitism arose: it was an urban phenomenon, alimented by the social classes which lost their status and economic independence in the revolution. After the German invasion of the USSR in 1941, the massacre of Russian Jews began; many antisemitic Ukrainians collaborated in the murder. This awakened in the Jews a feeling of Jewish identity and a sense of belonging to "the Jewish nation".