登入選單
返回Google圖書搜尋
Open Standards and the Digital Age
Andrew L. Russell
出版Cambridge University Press, 2014-04-28
主題Computers / Information TechnologyHistory / United States / 20th CenturyHistory / Modern / 20th Century / GeneralHistory / Americas (North, Central, South, West Indies)Science / HistoryTechnology & Engineering / GeneralTechnology & Engineering / Industrial EngineeringTechnology & Engineering / Telecommunications
ISBN11070391939781107039193
URLhttp://books.google.com.hk/books?id=jqroAgAAQBAJ&hl=&source=gbs_api
EBookSAMPLE
註釋How did openness become a foundational value for the networks of the twenty-first century? Open Standards and the Digital Age answers this question through an interdisciplinary history of information networks that pays close attention to the politics of standardization. For much of the twentieth century, information networks such as the monopoly Bell System and the American military's Arpanet were closed systems subject to centralized control. In the 1970s and 1980s, however, engineers in the United States and Europe experimented with design strategies to create new digital networks. In the process, they embraced discourses of "openness" to describe their ideological commitments to entrepreneurship, technological innovation, and participatory democracy. The rhetoric of openness has flourished - for example, in movements for open government, open source software, and open access publishing - but such rhetoric also obscures the ways the Internet and other "open" systems still depend heavily on hierarchical forms of control.