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Parental Influences on Adolescent Smoking

出版	University of California, San Diego and San Diego State University, 2001
URL	http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=khPqD3c1lXgC&hl=&source=gbs_api

註釋The smoking uptake process appears to begin between the ages of 10-14 years. Because parents are the primary agents of socialization during childhood, public health researchers have begun to examine parental influences that may potentially modify influences on adolescents to smoke. Understanding how parental influences relate to adolescent experimentation can facilitate the development of comprehensive programs that involve parents directly in prevention efforts. The primary objective of this research was to examine parental influences other than parental smoking on the adolescent transition from never-smoking to experimentation in a representative sample. Specifically, the smoking behavior of California adolescents (n = 1,644), who had not smoked at age 12-14 years in 1996, was measured at age 15-17 years in 1999. Baseline measures were used to predict experimentation by follow-up, and the relation of parental influences with experimentation by follow-up was examined. Authoritative parenting, comprised of high levels of parental responsiveness and demandingness, is the most highly beneficial type of parenting described in the socialization literature. Measures of parental responsiveness and demandingness were each associated with adolescent experimentation by follow-up. Results indicated that adolescents with authoritative parents were less likely to start smoking than were others. Additionally, authoritative parenting classification at age 15 to 17 years likely reflects a parental behavioral pattern in previous years. While authoritative parenting reduced the risk of future smoking in adolescent never smokers, it did not protect the adolescent from the persuasive influence of tobacco industry advertising and promotions. Receptivity to tobacco promotions was the strongest predictor of which adolescents experimented when parents were more authoritative. Exposure to smokers among best friends and susceptibility to smoking were important influences on smoking for adolescents with more authoritative parenting as well as for those with less authoritative parenting. The importance of adolescent smoking prevention programs that include a parenting component has been identified. Parental responsiveness, monitoring and limit-setting, and the countering of tobacco marketing merit consideration for intervention strategies. To maximize the efficacy of such strategies, longitudinal research is needed on parenting that takes into consideration the cultural specificity of parenting and the different phases of the uptake process.