Christianity constitutes the civilization to which we all in some way belong. Therefore, we can't consider it in the same way as ancient civilizations, which we can only glimpse through the opaque medium of archeology: or in the same way as the civilizations of the non-European world that we strive to understand outside and from afar. This implies a difference in the quality of our judgment, which can be compared to the astronomer's science of a planet and the geographer's knowledge of the earth we live on. For the study of Western civilization, not only do we have a much more abundant reserve of materials than any other, but we also have a more profound and intimate knowledge of it. Western civilization is the atmosphere in which we breathe and the life we live. It is our way of life and that of our ancestors; therefore, we know it not only from documents and monuments but also through our personal experience.

Let us imagine for a moment a study of religion that ignored or left aside the accumulated experience of the Christian past; that he used only the distant and partly incomprehensible testimonies drawn from the study of foreign religious traditions; that he resorted to abstract notions about the nature of religion and the conditions of spiritual knowledge. Such a study would be incomplete, inconsistent, and without truth. This shows us the way forward in considering the problem of the relationship between religion and civilization. It is an intricate and pervasive web of connections that unite social life with spiritual beliefs and values, beliefs and values that are recognized by society as the supreme norms of life and the definitive models of individual and social behaviour; because these relationships can only be concretely studied in their total historical reality. The world's great religions are rivers of sacred traditions flowing through the centuries and the changing historical landscape they rinse and fertilize. Still, ordinarily, we cannot go up to the source, lost in the unexplored regions of a distant past. It is rarely possible to find a civilization in which religious evolution can be traced from one end to the other in the whole light of history.

But the history of Christianity is an extraordinary exception to this rule. We know the historical framework in which it first arose; we have letters from the Churches' founders to the first Christian communities in Europe, and we can trace the new religion's entry into the West in great detail. After that, and especially during the last sixteen centuries, the quantity of documents available for study is so considerable that a single intelligence can't grasp them in their entirety. Consequently, the study of Western religion and civilization is complex and challenging for a reason contrary to that which makes the study of ancient or prehistoric Eastern religions difficult: we know too much rather than too little,

But while this specialization has succeeded in increasing our knowledge in almost all aspects of history, it has had a deleterious influence on the study that occupies us, as it has led to the separating and dividing elements that we must bring together. On the one hand, the scientific historian has concentrated his research on the criticism of sources and documents; while on the other, the student of Christianity has devoted himself to the history of dogmas and ecclesiastical institutions. The result is that we have many different and very advanced kinds of studies: constitutional history, political history, and economic history on the one hand; ecclesiastical history, history of dogmas, and history of the liturgy on the other. But the vital subject of reciprocity of influence between religion and civilization and the fecundating power of the latter.

Meanwhile, new social forces have emerged outside the academic world that uses history or a particular version of history for social ends to transform human life and actions. And the appearance of these new political ideologies of history has shown that the progress of scientific specialization has in no way diminished man's need for a historical faith, for an interpretation of contemporary civilization in terms of social evolution and goals. Spiritual, whether these ends are defined in religious or secular formulas. This conflict of ideologies: the Marxist doctrine of historical materialism and the attempt of the new totalitarian states to create historical myths as the psychological basis of social unity.