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World Encyclopaedia Of Criminology (7 Vols. Set)

出版	Jnanada Prakashan, 2008-09
ISBN	81713918509788171391851
URL	http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=nzuHtAEACAAJ&hl=&source=gbs_api

註釋A crime is an act that violates a political, religious, or moral command considered important in protecting the interests of the state or the welfare of its citizens or subjects. The word crime came from Latin crimen (gentive criminis), Originally iit meant charge(in law), guilt, accusation. In everyday usage, a crime is understood as any act that violates a law. Informal relationships and sanctions hace been deemed insufficient to create and maintain a desired social order,resulting in formalized systems of social control by the government, or more broadly, the State. With the institutional and legal machinery at their disposal, agents of the State are able to compel individuals to conform to behavioural norms and punish those that do not. Various mechanisms are employed to regulate behaviour, including rules codified into laws, policing people to ensure they comply with those laws, and other policies people to ensure they comply with those laws, and other policies and practices designed to prevent crime. In addition are remedies and sanctions, and collectively these constitute a criminal justice system. Not all breaches of the law, however, are considered crimes, for example, breaches of contract and other civil law offenses.