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註釋Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- How to use this book if you are a student -- How to use this book if you are an instructor -- Acknowledgements -- Part I: Basic Statistical Ideas -- 1. Basic concepts of quantification and number -- 1.1 Why quantify? -- 1.2 What is a number? -- 1.3 Classifying numbers -- 1.4 Converting nominal measures into continuous numbers -- 1.5 Fractions, decimals and percentages -- 1.6 How you express probability with numbers -- 1.7 Summary -- 1.8 References -- 2. Designing research projects which count things -- 2.1 Introduction: the dinner party experience -- 2.2 Designing a quantitative research project -- 2.3 Data collection example: working with questionnaires -- 2.4 Data collection example: the experimental approach -- 2.5 Data collection example: working with corpus data -- 2.6 Describing your data -- 2.7 Designing a study so that a statistical test is possible -- 2.8 What do we mean by data? -- 2.9 Summary -- 2.10 References -- Part II: Asking and Answering Quantitative Questions -- 3. Survey of the sexiness of Klingon: is your data normal? -- 3.1 The research story -- 3.2 Designing the study to collect numerical data -- 3.3 Data collection -- 3.4 Describing the data with numbers -- 3.5 Describing the data with pictures -- 3.6 Drawing statistical conclusions from the data -- 3.7 References -- 4. Who speaks Low German with their children? Visualisation - describing words with pictures -- 4.1 The research story -- 4.2 The role of visualisation -- 4.3 Tables -- 4.4 Charts and graphs -- 4.5 When visualisations mislead -- 4.6 Boxplot graphs -- 4.7 Summary -- 4.8 References -- 5. Whose English uses more present perfect? Comparison of two groups where the data is not normally distributed - Mann-Whitney U test -- 5.1 The research story -- 5.2 The data -- 5.3 Descriptive statistics