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The Impact of Parking Policies on the Long-term Vitality of American Cities

Norman Washington GarrickCarol Atkinson-Palombo

出版	New England University Transportation Center, 2015
URL	http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=p9WnzQEACAAJ&hl=&source=gbs_api

註釋"Most municipalities in the U.S. set minimum parking requirements in local zoning and building codes (1). These policies assume that the appropriate supply of parking can be determined by estimating the potential demand and aiming to meet that demand. This view is reinforced through the Institute of Transportation Engineer's Parking Generation (Institute of Transportation Engineers 2010) and other similar guides that provide estimates of parking demand. However, it typically fails to account for the complex relationships between parking supply and demand. This failure is problematic for many well-documented reasons. Parking is expensive to provide, thereby driving up construction and rental prices; it consumes large amounts of space, thereby limiting development potential; and it often encourages driving (3). This last point--the influence of parking on automobile use--is the primary focus of this study. There is a substantial body of literature describing the many ways that the price and availability of parking influence automobile use and travel behavior. For example, the price of parking at work influences whether employees choose to drive alone (4-6). It also influences where and when people choose to travel for discretionary trips and where they choose to park once they arrive (7). Guaranteed parking at home has been shown to influence whether commuters drive to work, versus taking transit (8, 9). These studies suggest that minimum parking requirements, public parking provision, and other mechanisms that push citywide parking supplies upward could potentially cause citywide increases in automobile use over time. Prior research has shown that parking supply and automobile use are correlated across different cities and metropolitan areas (10, 11). Cities where parking has increased considerably over time also experienced marked increases in automobile use (12, 13)."--