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註釋At the end of the nineteenth century, a remarkable group of artists, writers, and patrons gathered regularly at the Palazzo Barbaro, a magnificent residence on the Grand Canal in Venice. While Venice had long been a subject in painting and literature, and had always attracted wealthy tourists from across Europe and America, a particularly rich expatriate culture flourished at this time. In the 1880s, Daniel and Ariana Curtis of Boston purchased and restored the Palazzo Barbaro, which then became the center of a circle of American and European personalities, including Katharine de Kay Bronson, Henry and Enid Layard, and Isabella Stewart Gardner. The artists James McNeill Whistler, John Singer Sargent, Ralph Curtis, Joseph Lindon Smith, Anders Zorn, and Claude Monet participated in the group, as did writers such as Robert Browning, Henry James, Vernon Lee, John Addington Symonds, and Paul Bourget, While inspired by Venice generally, all depicted specific aspects of expatriate life in Venice.