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Ernest Hemingway
註釋Ernest Hemingway: The Angler As Artist, demonstrates the influence of the writer's interest and participation in sports, especially fishing, upon his journalism, the Nick Adams' short stories, and the novels, The Old Man and the Sea and Islands in the Stream. The author's life and work personify the «strenuous life» philosophy in American culture which includes writers such as Stephen Crane and Norman Mailer, whose work is characterized by this competitive ethic. This «aesthetic of contest» distinguishes Hemingway's journalism and its fictional usage in many short stories and several novels elevates fishing above mere sport and leisure activity into an important exercise in ordering and reinforcing an entire philosophy of life. Scholars of American literature, who frequently note the presence of bullfighting, and combat in Death in the Afternoon, Green Hills of Africa, A Farewell to Arms, and For Whom the Bell Tolls, will gain additional insight into Hemingway's life and thematic concerns by comprehending this «aesthetic of contest» involved with fishing.