Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, archaea, fungi and protozoa. This discipline includes fundamental research on the biochemistry, physiology, cell biology, ecology, evolution and clinical aspects of microorganisms, including the host response to these agents.

CONTENTS

MICROBIOLOGY AND THEIR HISTORY …1

MICROSCOPY…………………9

Staining Techniques

Introduction to Microscopes

Types of Microscopes

Limitations

DISTRIBUTION OF MICROORGANISMS ………20

Microorganisms in soil

Microorganisms in water

Microbes of the air

Associated with man

In association with insects

CLASSIFICATION AND DENTIFICATION METHODS OF MICROORGANISMS…..26

Classification of Prokaryotes

Evolution of Prokaryotes

Categories of microorganisms in ecology

THE METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY ……………36

PROKARYOTIC CELLS AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS………40

NUCLEIC ACIDS ……………46

THE BACTERIA……………..76

General Characteristics

Bacteria Morphology:

Reproduction in Bacteria

BACTERIAL GENETICS ……96

Genetic organization

Mutations

Plasmids:

Types of Transposable Genetic Elements

NUTRITION AND GROWTH OF BACTERIA …………..106

Nutritional Requirements of Cells

Growth Factors

The Effect of Oxygen

The Effect of pH on Growth

The Effect of Temperature on Growth

Water Availability

Methods in bacteriology

Culture Medium:

Sterilisation vs disinfection

Staining of bacteria

CULTIVATION OF BACTERIA IN CULTURE MEDIA……..128

ACTINOMYCETES…………145

Classification

Importance of actinomycetes

Actinomycosis

PSEUDOMONAS, AND VIBRIO XANTHOMONAS…………..152

Classification history

Diseases

Treatment

ENTEROBACTERIACEAE...165

Salmonella,

Escherichia,

Shigella

Klebsiella

RICKETTSIA ………………176

Cell Structure and Metabolism

Genome Structure

Pathology

Treatment

ARCHAEBACTERIA……….181

Origin and evolution

Types of Archaebacteria

Lokiarcheota

Methanobrevibacter smithii

MYCOPLASMAS…………190

Structure of Mycoplasmas:

Reproduction in Mycoplasma:

Transmission of Mycoplasma:

Diseases Caused by Mycoplasma:

THE CHLAMYDIA ……….197

Chlamydial Infection

Treatment

VIRUSES ……………………204

Virus history

Viral Morphology

Replication of viruses

BACTERIOPHAGES……….214

21. TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS (TMV)……………………………..220

22. POTATO VIRUS………………226

Potato virus Y,

Potato virus X (PVX)

Wild potato mosaic virus (WPMV

23. MYCOVIRUSES ……………..232

Kuru virus,

Measles (rubeola) virus,

Oncogenic or cancercausing viruses

Viroids

24. CYANOPHAGES………………238

25. TYPES OF VIRAL INFECTIONS………………………..241

Respiratory Viral Infections

Viral Skin Infections

Foodborne Viral Infections

Sexually Transmitted Viral Infections

Other Viral Infections

Antiviral Medication and Other Treatment

Viruses and Cancer

Viral Illness Prevention

26. REOVIRUSES…………………247

Rotavirus

African horse sickness

Bluetongue virus

Colorado tick fever

27. RETROVIRUS …………………250

28. ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION OF VIRUSES AND COMPONENTS................................259

29. THE MYCOSES……………….267

30. SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES OR DERMATOPHYTOSIS…………….269

31. CANDIDIASIS …………………277

32. MUCORMYCOSIS…………….283

33. ASPERGILLOSIS………………288

34. PREDACEOUS FUNGI………..292

Nematode trapping fungi

Endoparasitic Fungi

35. BIOFERTILIZER ……………...295

36. MYCORRHIZA ………………..301

37. IMMUNOLOGY AND VACCINE…………………………..308

38. MICROBIOLOGY OF AIR……324

39. WATER MICROBIOLOGY…..333

40. SOIL MICROORGANISMS…..336

41. ENVIRONMENTAL

MICROBIOLOGY………………...340

42. FOOD MICROBIOLOGY…….342

43. INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY………………….354

44. PETROLEUM MICROBIOLOGY………………….359

45. SCOPE AND APPLICATIONS OF MICROBIOLOGY …………………365

46. MICROBIOLOGY MCQ & ANSWERS………………………….370

47. TERMINOLOGY……………..392

REFERENCES