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Regulatory Appraisals of Bt Maize

其他書名	A Study of Science in Governance
出版	University of Sussex, 2006
URL	http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=sQzDoAEACAAJ&hl=&source=gbs_api

註釋This thesis examines the ways in which scientific evidence has been used in regulatory appraisals of the cultivation of Bt maize (corn) in the United States of America, France, the United Kingdom and Austria. Specifically, it analyses how firms and regulatory institutions in each of these countries have represented incertitude around two risk issues - effects on populations of non-target organisms and development of target insect resistance. The thesis discusses the influence that new scientific findings in these areas have had on policies concerning the cultivation of But maize since the mid-1990s. In addition, it describes the legal and institutional frameworks relating to the environmental appraisal of genetically modified insect-resistant crops and discusses how these arrangements have influenced the selection and interpretation of scientific evidence in the different jurisdictions. The thesis draws on both realist and constructivist studies of regulatory science, and uses typologies of incertitude to interpret expert assessments, as evidenced from documntary and inte rviewdata.An analysis of the regulatory dossiers examined (for maize lines Bt176, Mon810 and Btl 1)uncovers different approaches to constructing assessments of zero or negligible risk associated with each of the risk issues. Generally, firms constructed risk around the issue of non-target impacts by drawing on approaches previously used with conventional pesticides to highlight negligible hazard. In addition, they drew on indirect evidence and relied on resistance management strategies to construct assessments of low probability of target insect resistance. These approaches were initially accepted in all countries studied apart from Austria. The thesis examines Austria's scientific reasons for rejecting the cultivation of the products, illustrating how these constructed uncertainty, ambiguity and ignorance. The thesis develops a novel application of Stirling's (1999) typology of incertitude, which may be applied to comparative -studies of science in governance in other technological fields.