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Speech, Song, and Poetic Craft
註釋This study examines the Old English poems by Cynewulf and those of the Cynewulf canon in comparison both to their probable sources and to their analogues in other European vernacular languages. With the exception of the Old English poems, the various versions are remarkably similar to each other even in the most minute points of diction. Although the phraseology of the Old English poems is often close to that of the Latin sources, there are differences that lie in the elements that derive from the oral-formulaic tradition. Because direct discourse is the focus of the Cynewulfian poems, the study focuses on speech acts, showing that the poets replaced simple verbs with formulaic language that conveys their ideas emotionally as well as intellectually. While recounting stories drawn from the Graeco-Latin Christian tradition in the poetic form inherited from the Germanic tradition, the poets composed works of high literary artistry. Indeed, they are literary artists concerned with the quality and effectiveness of their poetry.