A thorough understanding of social and psychological factors as well as public understanding of risk is central to taking informed decisions about shale gas exploration and extraction in Lancashire and the UK. On the basis of existing evidence and the research conducted for this report, it is evident that the failure to consider these aspects of shale gas development significantly understates its actual and potential impacts, which may alter the planning balance in favour of development. From a social point of view, assessing shale gas exploration and extraction as a low-impact activity is unsupported by evidence. A social impact assessment should be fundamental in all political and local decision-making about shale gas development that prioritises public health and social well-being.