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The Agents of Transformation: Women and Cauim in the Foundation of the Tupinamba Socitey in Sixteenth-Century Brazil

出版	California State University, Los Angeles, 2022
ISBN	9798371981585
URL	http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=yPsR0AEACAAJ&hl=&source=gbs_api

註釋My thesis argues that the Tupinamba women are agents of transformation because they manufacture cauim and helped their community seek vengeance, honor their deceased loved ones, and transform people during rituals. I examine the manufacture of a manioc beer called cauim that was made by the sixteenth-century Tupinamba women of Brazil. This intersectional project seeks to restore and reclaim understudied perspectives of the Tupinamba peoples and brings to center stage two overlooked classes - the indigenous people and women. Analysis of Tupinamba women's manufacture of cauim sheds light on indigenous experiences and their history. The space these women created with the use of cauim helped the Tupinamba society continues because cauim worked as an agent to naturalize, administrate, and transform bodies during rituals. Transforming people during rituals is significant because captives transform into fictive kin or food and captors transform into warriors. I examine historical accounts written in the English and Portuguese languages from seven European visitors, who lived among the Tupinamba from the years 1550 to 1599. I support these seven accounts with other firsthand European traveler accounts. I cross-examine eyewitness accounts with a gender analysis and scholarship from anthropology and ethnohistory to demonstrate that cauim was a requirement in Tupinamba life cycles from adolescence to adulthood to elderly years, and was involved in rituals that transitioned the Tupinamba into new stages of their lives. Cauim symbolizes social norms and gender roles: its production and use illustrated the roles and social expectations that men and women had in their society.