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註釋By the late 1980s, Michael F. Goodchild (b. 1944) was the most widely recognized academic promoting the use of geographic information systems (GIS) technology for both the teaching of the discipline of geography and as a research tool within the discipline. He achieved this influence when he was appointed director of the National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (NCGIA) at the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB). In the 1990s, he exerted an equally profound influence on the broader academy when he introduced the idea of a geographic information science (GISci) followed by the concept of volunteered geographic information (VGI). VGI recognized the emergence of an alternative to the traditional government authoritative data previously accepted as the required standard. Goodchild's vision and leadership in ...