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Pharmacotherapy for Depression and Treatment-resistant Depression
註釋1. Major depressive disorder and treatment-resistant depression. 1.1. Major depressive disorder. 1.2. Treatment-resistant depression (TRD). 1.3. Demographic and clinical risk factors for resistant depression -- 2. Monoaminergic-based strategies : "Single-acting" agents. 2.1. Monoamine precursors for depression. 2.2. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). 2.3. Serotonin receptor antagonists and agonists. 2.4. Serotonin reuptake enhancers. 2.5. [symbol]-2 adrenergic receptor agonists and antagonists. 2.6. Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NRIs). 2.7. Selective [symbol] adrenergic receptor agonists. 2.8. Dopamine-selective agents -- 3. Monoaminergic-based strategies : "Dual-acting" agents. 3.1. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). 3.2. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). 3.3. 5HT-2 and [symbol]-2 adrenergic receptor antagonists. 3.4. Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors -- 4. Monoaminergic-based strategies : "Triple-acting " agents. 4.1. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). 4.2. Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors. 4.3. Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors -- 5. Polypharmacy from the onset of treatment. 5.1. Adjunctive treatment with monoaminergic agents. 5.2. Adjunctive treatment with neuroendocrine agents. 5.3. Other agents -- 6. Polypharmacy strategies for treatment-resistant depression. 6.1. Adjunctive treatment with monoaminergic agents. 6.2. Adjunctive treatment with neuroendocrine agents. 6.3. Other agents -- 7. Monotherapy strategies for resistant depression. 7.1. Increasing the dose of antidepressants. 7.2. Switching antidepressants due to lack of efficacy -- 8. Non-pharmacologic approaches for resistant depression. 8.1. Device-based therapies. 8.2. Psychotherapy. 8.3. Exercise. 8.4. Yoga and meditation -- 9. Pharmacotherapy of relapse/recurrence prevention and treatment. 9.1. Antidepressant continuation and maintenance therapy studies. 9.2. Special topics in the pharmacotherapy of relapse prevention. 9.3. Treatment of depressive relapse/recurrence -- 10. Pharmacologic strategies to enhance antidepressant tolerability. 10.1. Adjunctive therapy. 10.2. Switching antidepressants due to intolerance -- 11. Agents operating on non-monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems. 11.1. GABA-ergic treatments. 11.2. Glycine and glutamate-based treatments. 11.3. Agents with combined GABA-ergic and glutamatergic activity. 11.4. Other anticonvulsants. 11.5. Neurokinin-receptor antagonists. 11.6. Nicotinic receptor-based treatments. 11.7. Cannabinoids and endocannabinoids. 11.8. Opioidergic therapies. 11.9. Other neurotransmitter systems -- 12. Neuroendocrine-based agents. 12.1. Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG). 12.2. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA). 12.3. Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis (HPT). 12.4. Melatonin and melatonergic agents. 12.5. Other hormones -- 13. Metabolic-based and other agents. 13.1. Metabolic-based agents. 13.2. Agents with unknown mechanism of action -- 14. Biological predictors, moderators, and mediators of efficacy. 14.1. Definition and significance of mediators of outcome. 14.2. Genetic markers. 14.3. Neurophysiology. 14.4. Molecular biology