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Patents, Public-private Partnerships Or Prizes

其他書名	How Should We Support Pharmaceutical Innovation?
出版	SEDAP Research Program, McMaster University, 2009
URL	http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=zzkGkAEACAAJ&hl=&source=gbs_api

註釋It is difficult to quantify precisely the resources drawn into the battle over control of the pharma innovator's profits, but the following should convey the scale of the problem. [...] For instance, Bart (2008) presents estimates of the value of the drugs resold in the EU as being in the order of EUR 5 to 6 billion in 2006. [...] A variant of this approach used primarily outside of the US, reference pricing, limits drug plan reimbursement of all drugs in a group of therapeutically similar drugs to the lowest price drug in the group. [...] Jaffe and Lerner (2004) suggest that the error rate has increased in the last two decades on account of the exponential growth in the number of patent applications (about 1,000 applications are submitted to the US Patent Office daily); the difficulty in attracting and retaining examiners who possess content expertise; the difficulty of delineating contributions to the body of prior art in biotechn [...] The proposed reward programs also differ in the division of the social surplus of the new drug between consumers and the innovator.