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The Geochemistry of Hot Spring Waters at Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park

Robert Orville FournierJames Michael ThompsonRoderick A. Hutchinson

出版	USGS, 1994
URL	http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=toAwngEACAAJ&hl=&source=gbs_api

註釋Relatively dilute alkali-chloride waters at Norris Geyser Basin attain chemical equilibrium with reservoir rocks underground in a series of reservoirs at temperatures ranging from about 200 to 325°C. Reservoirs of acid-sulfate-chloride waters at >190-200°C also exist underground at Norris and there is episodic mixing (usually in the fall) of acid-sulfate-chloride and alkali-chloride waters. The rate of discharge of sulfate by acid-sulfate-chloride water from deep in the system is large, and is difficult to account for the generation of all of this type of water solely by present-day local oxidation of H2S that is carried in stream to the earth's surface at Norris, followed by infiluration of acid-sulfate water back underground where it mixes with chloride-rich water. Additional sulfate may be generated by bacteria (sulfolobus) that consume native sulfur and liberate sulfuric acid in shallow underground environments. The source of native sulfur may be old sulfatera in the Norris region, formed as a result of volcanic activity that produced silicic domes south of Norris, and that were subsequently covered either by later volcanic flows, or by glacial material deposited on hot ground. Another possibility, supposed by 3He/4He data, is that a component of magmatic gas containing SO2 is entering parts of the Norris system and reacting with water to form H2SO4 and H2S.